Zotero Catalogue

In economics, a good is said to be rivalrous or a rival if its consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers, or if consumption by one party reduces the ability of another party to consume it. A good is considered non-rivalrous or non-rival if, for any level of production, the cost of providing it to a marginal (additional) individual is zero. A good is anti-rivalrous and inclusive if each person benefits more when other people consume it. A good can be placed along a continuum from rivalrous through non-rivalrous to anti-rivalrous. The distinction between rivalrous and non-rivalrous is sometimes referred to as jointness of supply or subtractable or non-subtractable. Economist Paul Samuelson made the distinction between private and public goods in 1954 by introducing the concept of nonrival consumption. Economist Richard Musgrave followed on and added rivalry and excludability as criteria for defining consumption goods in 1959 and 1969.

Computer Science student at Trinity College Dublin and co-founder of Lockup. Builder of LLM tooling, full-stack web, and hardware prototypes.

Computer Science student at Trinity College Dublin and co-founder of Lockup. Builder of LLM tooling, full-stack web, and hardware prototypes.

The Coolidge effect is the renewal of sexual behavior after the presentation of a novel sexual partner and possibly occurs as the result of habituation and dishabituation processes. This re-motivation to copulate is well studied in males and is commonly related to sexual satiety, which involves several neurobiological changes in steroid receptors and their mRNA expression in the CNS. On the other hand, there are few reports studying sexual novelty in females and have been limited to behavioral aspects. Here we report that the levels of rat proceptive behavior, a sign of sexual motivation, declines after 4 h of continuous mating, particularly in females that were unable to regulate the time of mating. Such reduction was not accompanied by changes in lordosis, suggesting that they were not due to the vanishing of the endocrine optimal milieu necessary for the expression of both components of sexual behavior in the female rat. These and previous data support important differences between sexual behavior in both sexes that would result in natural divergences in the Coolidge effect expression. We here also review some reports in humans showing peculiarities between the pattern of habituation and dishabituation in women and men. This is a growing research field that needs emphasis in female subjects.

I needed a keyboard.  I stood at my reserved desk on the 7th floor of Salesforce’s tower in Vancouver around 9am. There were a pair of monitors mounted to the desk, a power strip, and a chair. Even a mouse. But no keyboard. The office was mostly empty, with

I’m working on a project right now that makes heavy use of code samples. What I’d like to be able to do is store those samples as strings (I have a complex generation script that makes those strings…long story) and have Hugo respect newlines in those strings. Here’s a very basic example: # data/samples.yaml samples: - "foo/nbar" What I’d like to be able to do is to make those strings respect the newline, like so: foo bar Is there a Hugo function that does this? I’ve tried a bunch of them but...

Shutting Down, How Everything Evolved, and The Roote Fellowship

Accelerate yourself.

A handsome, commemorative edition of Peter F. Drucker’s…

There’s a misconception that a successful launch video needs to cost tens of thousands of dollars and feel like a high production commercial. But Farza Majeed has a radically different approach.

Add. 3996 is a notebook that Newton used as a young student. Newton’s youthful interest in learning was encouraged by his

Add. 3996 is a notebook that Newton used as a young student. Newton’s youthful interest in learning was encouraged by his

America is Losing Hundreds of Thousands of Jobs in Media, Film & the Arts. How Much is AI to Blame?

Two tiger attacks occurred at the San Francisco Zoo, in 2006 and 2007, both involving a female Siberian tiger named Tatiana who died on December 25, 2007. In the first incident, a zookeeper was bitten on the arm during a public feeding. In the second incident, one person was killed and two others were injured before police shot and killed Tatiana on the scene.

Open Source Sex Machine - Getting started with your OSSM!

Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

Standard implementations of softmax, log-softmax, and cross-entropy have two numerical bugs. The first bug, Softmax Collapse, rounds the target logit's gradient to zero if that one logit is much larger than the others, resulting in gradients that no longer sum to zero. The second bug, Softmax Cancellation, occurs when student logits are close to teacher logits, and produces non-zero gradients even when the student and teacher logits are equal. We present simple implementations of log-softmax, softmax, and cross-entropy that fix both bugs. Our fix eliminates the previously-observed "Slingshot" phenomenon, speeds up grokking with weight decay, prevents accuracy collapse without weight decay, stops student networks from drifting away from the teacher during distillation, and shows that after memorization, logit growth is bounded by an equilibrium between weight decay and Adam's $ε$ hyperparameter.

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The state’s high-speed rail project sunk more than $677 million on environmental paperwork, benefiting well-connected contractors.

Introducing Boba, the social intelligence that understands your goals and community, powered by Ampersand.

Introducing Ampersand, a collaborator model designed to help groups of people achieve their individual and collective goals over time.

Despite popular claims, the answer is probably not that many

Shaka Senghor is an author, speaker, and coach. He was formerly Vice President of Corporate Communications at Navan, an MIT Media Lab Director's Fellow, and Fellow in the W.K. Kellogg Foundation's Community Leadership Network. Involved in the drug trade at age 19, Senghor shot and killed a man in 1991, for which he served 19 years in prison. His book about his experience, Writing My Wrongs: Life, Death and Redemption in an American Prison (2016), became a New York Times best-seller. His second book, Letters to the Sons of Society, collects letters written to his sons Jay and Sekou.

Many people are writing to me, upset that I am interviewing Ziyang Zhuge, a well-known Chinese internet intellectual, who recently was accused of plagiarism.  I am keen to proceed with the interview, and am happy to explain why.  A few points: 1. The relevant facts here still are being disputed, and furthermore it all happened […]

This publication seeks to assist organizations with incorporating cybersecurity incident response recommendations and considerations throughout their cybersecurity risk management activities as described by the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0. Doing so can help organizations prepare for incident responses, reduce the number and impact of incidents that occur, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their incident detection, response, and recovery activities. Readers are encouraged to utilize online resources in conjunction with this document to access additional information on implementing these recommendations and considerations.

Open-source replications of empirical AI safety research from the University of Chicago's Existential Risk Lab.

Emiliano Andrade-Covarrubias is the seventh person to die in ICE custody in Texas this year and the second in Laredo.

Got additional individuals or quotes I should add? Contact me at successionism.contact@gmail.com AI Successionism Andrew Critch, in 2024: “I have met a surprising number of people who seem to feel okay with causing human extinction in the service of other goals. In particular I think more than...

AI giant burns through cash and loses nearly $70bn more than in the same period last year

My channel is dedicated to anthems, hymns and patriotic songs, here is the link to our discord server:   / discord